Marka loo eego habka jiilka kala duwan ee laser-ga-gaaban, waxaa jira saddex nooc oo ah laser-ka-gaaban ee infrared lasers, kuwaas oo kala ah lasers semiconductor, laser fiber iyo lasers adag.Waxaa ka mid ah, lasers-state-s adag waxaa loo qaybin karaa laser-goboleed adag oo ku salaysan beddelka hirarka aan tooska ahayn ee indhaha iyo laser-goboleed adag oo si toos ah u soo saara laser-ka-gaaban ee laser-ka ee qalabka shaqada.
Laysarada Semiconductor waxay u isticmaalaan agabka semiconductor sida qalabka shaqada laser, iyo wax soo saarka laysarka hirarka waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa farqiga band ee alaabta semiconductor.Iyada oo la horumarinayo sayniska agabka, guutooyinka tamarta ee agabka semiconductor waxaa lagu jaangooyi karaa mawjadaha dhaadheer ee leysarka iyada oo loo marayo injineernimada kooxda tamarta.Sidaa darteed, mawjadaha-mawjadaha-gaaban ee laser-ka-gaaban ee badan ayaa lagu heli karaa leysarka semiconductor.
Qalabka shaqada laser caadiga ah ee laser semiconductor infrared-gaaban waa walxo fosfoor ah.Tusaale ahaan, leysarka indium phosphide semiconductor oo leh cabbir dalool ah oo ah 95 μm wuxuu leeyahay hirarka dhererka leysarka ee 1.55 μm iyo 1.625 μm, awoodduna waxay gaartay 1.5 W.
Laysarka Fiber-ku waxa uu isticmaalaa fibbarka galaas ee naadir-dhulka-doped sida dhexdhexaadka laser-ka iyo leysarka semiconductor sida isha matoorka.Waxay leedahay sifooyin aad u fiican sida marin hoose, hufnaanta beddelka sare, tayada wax soo saarka wanaagsan, qaab dhismeedka fudud, iyo isku halaynta sare.Waxa kale oo ay ka faa'iidaysan kartaa baaxadda ballaadhan ee shucaaca ion dhulka naadirka ah si ay u samayso laser fiber tunable ah iyada oo ku daraysa walxo muuqaal ah oo la soo xulay sida gratings resonator laysarka.Laysarka fiber-ku waxay noqdeen jihada muhiimka ah ee horumarinta tignoolajiyada laysarka.
1.Laaser-goboleed adag
Warbaahinta faa'iidada laysarka ee dawlad- adag oo si toos ah u dhalin karta laysarka infrared-ga gaaban waxay u badan yihiin Er: YAG crystals iyo ceramics, iyo Er-doped galaas.Laser-ka adag ee ku salaysan Er: YAG crystal iyo ceramics waxay si toos ah u soo saari karaan 1.645μm laser gaaban oo gaaban, taas oo ah meel kulul oo ku jirta cilmi-baarista laser-gaaban ee laser-gaaban sanadihii ugu dambeeyay [3-5].Waqtigan xaadirka ah, tamarta garaaca wadnaha ee Er: YAG lasers oo isticmaalaya koronto-optic ama acousto-optic Q-bedesha ayaa gaadhay dhowr ilaa tobanaan mJ, ballaca garaaca wadnaha ee tobanaan ns, iyo soo noqnoqoshada soo noqnoqda ee tobanaan ilaa kumanaan Hz.Haddii 1.532 μm semiconductor laser loo isticmaalo sida isha bamka, Waxay yeelan doontaa faa'iidooyin weyn oo ku saabsan sahaminta firfircoon ee laysarka iyo cabbiraadaha laser-ka, gaar ahaan saameynteeda qarsoodiga ah ee qalabka digniinta laser caadiga ah.
Leysarka Er wuxuu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed is haysta, qiimo jaban, miisaan fudud, wuxuuna xaqiijin karaa hawlgalka Q-beddelay.Waa isha iftiinka ee la door bidayo si loo ogaado firfircoonida laser infrared-gaaban.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay afarta cilladood ee qalabka dhalada Er: Marka hore, mawjada dhexe ee nuugista spectrum waa 940 nm ama 976 nm, taas oo ka dhigaysa bamgareynta laambada adag in la gaaro;Marka labaad, diyaarinta walxaha galaaska Er waa adag tahay mana fududa in la sameeyo cabbirro waaweyn;Saddexaad, muraayadda Er Maaddadu waxay leedahay sifooyinka kulaylka liidata, mana fududa in la gaaro hawlgalka soo noqnoqda ee soo noqnoqda muddo dheer, iska daa hawlgal joogto ah;afraad, ma jiraan wax ku habboon Q-beddelka.Inkasta oo cilmi-baarista laser-ga-gaaban ee infrared-ka ee ku salaysan muraayadda Er ay had iyo jeer soo jiidatay dareenka dadka, sababtoo ah afartan sababood ee kor ku xusan, wax alaab ah ma soo bixin.Ilaa 1990, iyadoo ay soo ifbaxday baararka laser semiconductor oo leh mowjadaha dhererka 940 nm iyo 980 nm, iyo soo bixitaanka walxaha nuugista buuxa sida Co2+: MgAl2O4 (magnesia aluminate cobalt-doped magnesium), labada cilad ee waaweyn ee isha bamka iyo Q-beddelka way jabeen.Cilmi-baarista laser-ka muraayadaha ayaa si degdeg ah u horumaray.Gaar ahaan sannadihii la soo dhaafay, dalkayga Eer yar module laser galaas, kaas oo mideeya isha bamka semiconductor, Er galaas iyo dalool resonant, miisaankeedu yahay wax aan ka badnayn 10 g, oo uu leeyahay awoodda wax soo saarka Dufcaddii yar oo ah 50 kW modules awoodda ugu sarreysa.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah waxqabadka kulaylka liidata ee walxaha galaaska Er, soo noqnoqda soo noqnoqda ee moduleka laysarka ayaa weli ah mid hooseeya.Inta jeer ee laser-ka ee moduleka 50 kW waa 5 Hz, iyo inta jeer ee ugu badan ee laser-ka ee moduleka 20 kW waa 10 Hz, kaas oo kaliya loo isticmaali karo codsiyada soo noqnoqda hooseeya.
Wax soo saarka laser 1.064 μm ee Nd:YAG pulsed laser wuxuu leeyahay awooda ugu sarreysa ilaa megawatts.Marka iftiin isku xidhan oo sidan u xoog badan uu dhex maro qaar ka mid ah maaddooyinka gaarka ah, sawir-qaadayaashu si aan kala go 'lahayn ayay ugu kala firdhisan yihiin molecules-ka maaddada, taas oo ah, photons-yadu waa la nuugo oo waxay soo saaraan sawir-qaadayaal hooseeya.Waxaa jira laba nooc oo walxo ah oo gaari kara saamaynta isbeddelka soo noqnoqda: mid waa kiristaalo aan toos ahayn, sida KTP, LiNbO3, iwm.;Midda kale waa gaaska cadaadiska sarreeya sida H2.Geli godka resonant indhaha si ay u sameeyaan oscillator indhaha ah (OPO).
OPO oo ku salaysan gaaska cadaadisku sareeyo ayaa inta badan waxaa loola jeedaa kicinta Raman oscillator firdhiya nalka.Iftiinka bamka qayb ahaan wuu nuugaya wuxuuna dhaliyaa mowjad iftiin yar oo soo noqnoqota.Laysarka Raman ee qaan-gaadhka ah wuxuu isticmaalaa 1.064 μm laser si uu ugu shubo gaaska cadaadiska sarreeya ee H2 si uu u helo 1.54 μm mawjadda gaaban ee infrared laser.
SAWIRKA 1
Codsiga caadiga ah ee mowjadaha gaaban ee GV infrared waa sawir-qaadista fogaanta habeenkii.Iftiiniyaha laysarka waa inuu noqdaa laysarka infrared-gaaban ee garaaca gaaban leh oo leh awood sare, soo noqnoqoshadeeduna waa inay la jaanqaadaa inta jeer ee kaamerada qallafsan.Marka loo eego heerka hadda la joogo ee mawjadda gaaban ee infrared lasers gudaha iyo dibaddaba, diode-pumped Er: YAG lasers iyo OPO-based 1.57 μm laser-state adag ayaa ah doorashooyinka ugu fiican.Soo noqnoqda soo noqnoqda iyo awoodda ugu sarreysa ee leysarka muraayadda Er yar ayaa weli u baahan in la hagaajiyo.3.Codsiga laser-ka-gaaban ee infrared-ka-gaaban ee sahan-qaadista sawir-qaadista
Nuxurka mawjadda gaaban ee infrared laser anti-reconnaissance waa in la iftiimiyo qalabka sahanka indhaha ee indhaha ee cadowga ee ka shaqeeya band infrared-gaaban oo leh muraayado gaaban oo gaaban, si ay u hesho macluumaad khaldan oo bartilmaameed ah ama aan si caadi ah u shaqeyn karin, ama xitaa qalabka wax baadha ayaa dhaawacmay.Waxaa jira laba hab oo caadi ah oo ka hortag ah infrared infrared laser, kuwaas oo kala ah faragelinta khiyaanada fogaanta ee fogaanta laser-ka badbaadsan ee isha iyo waxyeelada xakamaynta ee kamarada infrared-gaaban.
1.1 Farogelinta fogaanta khiyaanada ee badbaadada isha bini'aadamka
Raad raadiyaha laysarka ee la garaaco wuxuu beddelaa masaafada u dhaxaysa bartilmaameedka iyo bartilmaameedka iyadoo la eegayo waqtiga u dhexeeya garaaca laysarka oo hore iyo gadaal u dhexeeya barta furitaanka iyo bartilmaameedka.Haddi baare ikhtiraacu helo garaacis kale oo leysarka ka hor inta aan la gaadhin calaamada dhawaaqa ee yoolku, waxay joojinaysaa wakhtiga, masaafada la bedelayna maaha masaafada dhabta ah ee bartilmaameedka, laakiin waa ka yar fogaanta dhabta ah ee bartilmaameedka.Fogaanta beenta ah, taas oo gaadhaysa ujeedada khiyaamaynta fogaanta safafka.Qalabka laysarka ee badbaadada leh ee isha, laysarka garaaca garaaca infrared-gaaban ee dhererka la mid ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa si loo hirgeliyo faragelinta fogaanta khiyaanada.
Laser-ka fuliya faragelinta khiyaanada fogaanta ee fog-finder-ku waxa uu u ekaysiiyaa milicsiga faafidda bartilmaameedka ee laysarka, markaa awoodda ugu sarreysa laysarka aad bay u yar tahay, laakiin labadan shuruudood ee soo socda waa in la buuxiyaa:
1) Mawjada laserku waa in uu la mid noqdaa hirarka dhererka shaqada ee kala fogeeyaha faragelinta.Shaandheeyaha faragelinta ayaa lagu rakibay horteeda qalabka wax baadha ee kala fogeeya, iyo baaxaddu aad buu u yar yahay.Lasers leh hirarka hirarka aan ka ahayn mawjada dheer ee shaqaynaysa ma gaadhi karaan dusha sare ee sawir-qaadistaXataa 1.54 μm iyo 1.57 μm lasers ee leh mowjadaha dhaadheer ee isku midka ah ma faragelin karaan midba midka kale.
2) Inta jeer ee ku celcelinta laysarka waa inuu ahaadaa mid sare oo ku filan.Raad-sheegaha ayaa ka jawaabaya calaamada laysarka oo gaadhaysa korkeeda sawir-qaadista oo keliya marka cabbirka la cabbiro.Si loo gaaro faragelin wax ku ool ah, garaaca garaaca wadnaha waa in uu ugu yaraan ku tuujiyaa mawjadda mawjada 2 ilaa 3 garaac.Albaabka kala duwan ee la heli karo wakhtigan wuxuu ku socdaa nidaamka μs, markaa laysarka dhexgalaya waa inuu lahaadaa soo noqnoqosha sare.Qaadashada masaafada bartilmaameedka ah ee 3 km tusaale ahaan, waqtiga loo baahan yahay in laysarka uu dib u soo laabto hal mar waa 20 μs.Haddii ugu yaraan 2 garaac la galiyo, soo noqnoqda laysarka waa inuu gaadhaa 50 kHz.Haddii tirada ugu yar ee kala duwanaanta laysarka ay tahay 300 m, soo noqnoqda soo noqnoqda jammer kama yaraan karto 500 kHz.Kaliya laysarka semiconductor iyo laser fiber ayaa gaari kara heerka soo noqnoqda ee sarreeya.
1.2 Faragelinta xakamaynta iyo waxyeellada kamaradaha infrared-gaaban
Maaddaama ay tahay qaybta udub-dhexaadka u ah nidaamka sawir-qaadista infrared-ga-gaaban, kamarad-mawjadda gaaban-gaaban waxay leedahay awood xaddidan oo firfircoon oo jawaab-celin ah oo ka mid ah qalabka InGaAs focal.Haddii awoodda indhaha ee dhacdadu ay dhaafto xadka sare ee kala duwanaanshaha firfircoon, saturation ayaa dhacaya, oo baaraha ma samayn karo sawir caadi ah.Awood sare laserku wuxuu u keeni doonaa dhaawac joogto ah qalabka wax baadha.
Laysarka semiconductor ee awoodda ugu sarreysa oo joogto ah iyo mid hoose iyo fiber leysarka oo leh soo noqnoqoshada sare ee soo noqnoqda ayaa ku habboon faragelinta joogtada ah ee kaamerooyinka infrared-gaaban ee hirarka gaaban.Si joogto ah ugu iftiimi kamarada mawjada gaaban ee infrared leh lesar.Sababtoo ah saamaynta weynayn-weynaynta ee muraayadda indhaha, aagga uu gaadhay laysarka barta ku fidsan ee diyaaradda xudunta u ah InGaAs ayaa aad u buuxsantay, sidaa awgeedna si caadi ah looma sawiri karo.Kaliya ka dib marka shucaaca laysarka la joojiyo muddo wakhti ah, waxqabadka sawirku wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah ugu soo laaban karaa caadi.
Marka loo eego natiijooyinka sannado badan oo cilmi-baaris ah iyo horumarinta alaabada ka-hortagga firfircoon ee laser-ka ee muuqda iyo kuwa u dhow-infrared iyo tijaabooyinka waxtarka waxyeelada badan ee goobta, kaliya laser-gaaban oo leh awoodda ugu sarreysa ee megawatts iyo wixii ka sareeya waxay keeni kartaa dhaawac aan laga soo laaban karin TV-ga. kamarado masaafo kiiloomitir u jirta.dhaawac.Haddii waxyeelada la gaari karo, awoodda ugu sarreysa ee laysarka ayaa fure u ah.Ilaa inta awoodda ugu sarreysa ay ka sarreyso heerka waxyeellada baaraha, hal garaac ayaa dhaawici kara baaraha.Marka loo eego dhibka naqshadeynta laysarka, kuleylka kuleylka iyo isticmaalka awoodda, soo noqnoqda soo noqnoqda ee laysarka qasab maaha in la gaaro heerka jir ee kamaradda ama xitaa ka sarreeya, iyo 10 Hz ilaa 20 Hz waxay la kulmi karaan codsiyada dagaalka dhabta ah.Dabcan, kamaradaha infrared mowjadaha gaaban maaha mid ka reeban.
InGaAs foocal dayuuradaha waxaa ka mid ah CCD-yada bamka elektarooniga ah ee ku salaysan InGaAs/InP migration photocathodes iyo CMOS markii dambe la sameeyay.Dheecaankooda iyo xadkooda waxyeelladu waxay isku xigaan siday u kala sarreeyaan CCD/CMOS-ku-salaysan, laakiin InGaAs/InP-ku-salaysan baadhiyaasha weli lama helin.Dheefta iyo dhaawaca xogta xadka ee CCD/COMS.
Marka loo eego heerka hadda la joogo ee mowjadaha gaaban ee mawjadaha infrared ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, 1.57 μm soo noqnoqoshada soo noqnoqda laser-state adag oo ku salaysan OPO ayaa weli ah doorashada ugu fiican ee waxyeellada laysarka ee CCD/COMS.Waxqabadkeeda sare ee jawiga hawada sare iyo awoodda sare ee sare ee garaaca garaaca wadnaha gaaban laser Daboolka iftiinka iftiinka iyo halbeegga halbeegga ah ee waxtarka leh ayaa si cad u ah awoodda dilka jilicsan ee nidaamka optoelectronic ee fogaanta fog ee ku qalabaysan kamaradaha infrared-gaaban.
2. Gabagabo
Laysarada infrared-ga-gaaban ee leh hirarka dhererka u dhexeeya 1.1 μm iyo 1.7 μm waxay leeyihiin gudbinta hawada sare iyo awood xoog leh oo ay ku dhex galaan ciirta, roobka, barafka, qiiqa, ciidda iyo siigada.Waa mid aan la arki karin qalabka dhaqameed ee iftiinka hooseeya ee habeenkii.Laysarka ku jira 1.4 μm ilaa 1.6 μm band waa badbaado u ah isha bini'aadamka, wuxuuna leeyahay sifooyin gaar ah sida qalab baaluq ah oo leh hirarka jawaabta ugu sarreysa ee xadkan, wuxuuna noqday jihada horumarineed ee muhiimka ah ee codsiyada militariga laysarka.
Warqadani waxay falanqaynaysaa sifooyinka farsamada iyo heerka ay joogaan afar nooc oo ah laser infrared-gaaban oo caadi ah, oo ay ku jiraan lasers semiconductor phosphor, laser fiber-ka Er-doped, laser-state adag ee Er-doped, iyo OPO-ku-salaysan laser-state adag, oo soo koobaya isticmaalka oo ka mid ah kuwan laser-ka-gaaban ee infrared-ka ee sahanka firfircoon ee sawir-qaadista.Codsiyada caadiga ah ee ka-hortagga sahanka.
1) Joogtaynta iyo awoodda ugu sarreysa ee soo noqnoqda ee soo noqnoqoshada phosphor semiconductor lasers iyo Er-doped fiber lasers ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa nalalka kaaliyaha ah ee ilaalinta qarsoodiga fog fog iyo ujeeddada habeenkii iyo xakameynta faragelinta cadawga kamaradaha infrared-gaaban.Ku celcelinta sare ee garaaca wadnaha gaaban ee phosphor lasers semiconductor lasers iyo er-doped fiber lasers sidoo kale waa ilaha iftiinka ugu fiican ee nidaamka garaaca wadnaha ee kala duwan ee ilaalinta indhaha, sawirka sawirka laysarka iyo badbaadada laser fogaanta fogaanta faragelinta khiyaanada.
2) Laysarka gobolka adag ee ku salaysan OPO oo leh soo noqnoqoshada hoose laakiin leh awoodda ugu sarreysa ee megawatts ama xitaa toban megawatts ayaa si weyn loogu isticmaali karaa radar sawir-qaadista, indho-indheynta gating laser-dheer ee habeenkii, dhaawaca laser-gaaban hab dhaqameed fog indhaha bini'aadamka Badbaadada leysarka kala duwan.
3) Leysarka muraayadda Er yar waa mid ka mid ah jihooyinka ugu dhaqsaha badan u koraya ee leysarka infrared-gaaban sannadihii u dambeeyay.Heerarka soo noqnoqda ee awoodda hadda jirta iyo soo noqnoqoshada waxaa loo isticmaali karaa kuwa yar ee badbaadada indhaha ee laser rangefinders.Waqti ka dib, marka awoodda ugu sarreysa ay gaarto heerka megawatt, waxaa loo isticmaali karaa radar sawir-qaadista, indho-indheynta laysarka, iyo dhaawaca laysarka ee kamaradaha infrared-gaaban.
4) Diode-pumped Er: YAG laser kaas oo qariya aaladda digniinta laysarka waa jihada horumarinta guud ee laysarrada infrared-gaaban ee awoodda sare leh.Waxay leedahay awood codsi oo weyn oo ku jirta lidar flash, indho-indheynta gating laser-dheer ee habeenkii, iyo dhaawaca laysarka.
Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, maadaama nidaamyada hubku ay leeyihiin shuruudo sare oo sarreeya oo loogu talagalay is-dhexgalka hababka optoelectronic, qalabka laser yar iyo midka fudud ayaa noqday isbeddel lama huraan ah oo horumarinta qalabka laysarka.Layserrada semiconductor, lasers fiber iyo lasers-yar oo leh cabbir yar, miisaan fudud iyo isticmaalka tamarta yar Er laser galaas ayaa noqday jihada guud ee horumarinta leysarka infrared-gaaban.Gaar ahaan, laser-ka fiber-ka leh ee tayada wanaagsan leh waxay leeyihiin awood codsi oo weyn xagga iftiinka kaaliyaha ee waqtiga-habeenka, ilaalinta qarsoodiga ah iyo ujeeddooyinka, sawirida sawirka sawirka, iyo faragelinta xakamaynta laysarka.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, awoodda / tamarta saddexdan nooc ee leysarka yaryar iyo kuwa fudud ayaa guud ahaan hooseeya, waxaana loo isticmaali karaa oo kaliya qaar ka mid ah codsiyada sahaminta muddada-gaaban, mana dabooli karaan baahida sahaminta fog-dheer iyo sahaminta ka hortagga.Sidaa darteed, diiradda horumarinta waa in la kordhiyo awoodda / tamarta laysarka.
Laysarka OPO-ku-salaysan waxay leeyihiin tayo wanaagsan oo tayo sare leh iyo awoodda ugu sarreysa, iyo faa'iidooyinkooda ku jira indho-indheynta fogaanta fog, radar sawir-qaadista iyo dhaawaca laser-ka ayaa weli ah mid aad u muuqda, tamarta wax-soo-saarka laysarka iyo soo noqnoqda laser-ka waa in la sii kordhiyaa. .Er: YAG lasers-ka diode-tumped, haddii tamarta garaaca wadnaha la kordhiyo halka ballaca garaaca wadnaha la sii cadaadiyo, waxay noqon doontaa beddelka ugu fiican ee OPO laser-state adag.Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyin xagga fiirsashada gadafka fog ee fog, radar sawir-qaadista, iyo dhaawaca laysarka.Awood codsi weyn.
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Wakhtiga cusboonaysiinta: Mar-02-2022
